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GREGORY AND HANSEN COINTEGRATION TEST IN EVIEWS 9 SERIES
Düzenleme Kurulu, 260īalin BE, Akan HDM, Altayligil YB (2018) Trade liberalization and environmental degradation: a time series analysis for Turkey. Int J Econ Perspect, 9(4)Īytun C, Akın CS (2015) Türkiye’de Karbondioksit Emisyonu, Enerji Tüketimi ve Eğitim İlişkisi: Bootstrap Nedensellik Analizi. Īnatasia V (2015) The causal relationship between GDP, exports, energy consumption, and CO 2 in Thailand and Malaysia. Īlam MM, Murad MW, Noman AHM, Ozturk I (2016) Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia. Īkbostanci E, Turut-Asik S, Tunc GI (2009) The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: is there an environmental Kuznets curve? Energy Policy 37(3):861–867. Moreover, the causality tests mirror that while energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization are important for predicting CO 2 emissions, the moderating role of urbanization leads CO 2 emissions in the short run.Īhmad N, Du L, Lu J, Wang J, Li HZ, Hashmi MZ (2017) Modelling the CO2 emissions and economic growth in Croatia: is there any environmental Kuznets curve? Energy 123:164–172. The outcomes of the long-run estimators-FMOLS and DOLS-reveals that environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid and the existence of moderating role of urbanization on indicators of CO 2 emissions is confirmed for the case of Turkey. The cointegration tests reveal that carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, urbanization, and the moderating role of urbanization are cointegrated. Aiming to establish robust findings, this study utilized both traditional and modern econometric techniques, including Bayer and Hanck cointegration, Gregory and Hansen cointegration, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), Granger causality, Toda-Yamamoto causality, and Gradual Shift causality tests. The main purpose of the present research is to examine the long-run effect of economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization on environmental degradation and causal link among the indicators under consideration in Turkey by taking into account the moderating role of urbanization over the period of 1960–2016. Urbanization is highly linked with one of the most important global problems which is global warming through accelerating economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness that are considered to be the main indicators of climate change in environmental literature. Over the last 50 years, urban population of Turkey has grown from 25 to 75%.